El término vexilología se define como la “Disciplina que estudia las banderas, pendones y estandartes”. Viene de la palabra latina vexillum (bandera), y –logía del griego logos (conocimiento, tratado). El vexillum daba nombre a cierto tipo de estandarte portado por las legiones romanas.
La vexilología es una disciplina auxiliar de la historia, aunque hoy día se entiende también su relevancia como parte de la semiótica.
Semiótica o semiología es la ciencia que estudia los diferentes sistemas de signos que permiten la comunicación entre individuos, sus modos de producción, de funcionamiento y de recepción.
A la persona dedicada a este estudio se la denomina vexilólogo. Los vexilólogos se agrupan en varias asociaciones bajo la Federación Internacional de Asociaciones Vexilológicas (FIAV), quienes organizan un congreso internacional de vexilología cada dos años.
Bandera de la FIAV.
Es una ciencia joven, que se ha desarrollado a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Al principio, el alemán Ottfried Neubecker, la denominó Flaggenkunde. Más tarde, se acuñó el término en inglés vexillology en 1957, por Whitney Smith, profesor de Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad de Boston, quien le dio el impulso definitivo, publicándose en papel por primera vez en 1958, en la revista The Arab World (vol 5, n.º 10, octubre de 1958, pp. 12-13).
En España, el término fue incorporado al diccionario de la Real Academia Española en el año 1992, gracias a la gestión de la Sociedad Española de Vexilología, y sigue vigente hasta la fecha.
En el pasado, el estudio de las banderas se consideraba parte de la heráldica (que es el «estudio de los escudos de armas o blasones»). También existen sociedades nacionales de esta disciplina y se han celebrado congresos internacionales, pero no existe, hasta el día de hoy, un organismo internacional similar a la Federación Vexilológica.
Haciendo un poquito de Historia:
Se tiene conocimiento que desde tiempos muy remotos el acto de colgar elementos representativos a cierta altura ha servido como mecanismo de identidad, referencia o autoridad para los seres humanos. Inicialmente fueron cráneos, pieles o colas de animales, pronto se transformaron en estatuas y figuras enarboladas a un asta los símbolos identificativos, como ocurriría después con los romanos que introdujeron la denominación de vexillium, término que haría referencia a la adopción de una figura estándar en forma de tela cuadriculada sobre un asta, que colgaba de uno de sus extremos.
Posiblemente se considera a los vexilos, utilizados por los legionarios durante la civilización romana como las primeras insignias empleadas en Europa. El uso de tejidos ligeros, como la seda, en los estandartes tuvo su origen en Oriente, siendo los musulmanes y los cruzados los primeros en implantar su uso en Europa. Las banderas se convirtieron en guiones y estandartes que representaban a los Emperadores, Reyes y Señores (sus linajes o casas reales), más que los territorios o naciones, tal como hoy son utilizadas las enseñas nacionales.
Es en la Edad Media cuando comienza a usarse la palabra bandera (término germánico “bandra”, signo), como forma de señalar el pabellón que mostraba cada grupo, región o reparto en el ejército. Posteriormente, con la llegada de las revoluciones americana y francesa, a finales siglo XVIII, surgen las banderas nacionales (y por analogía, y a distinto nivel, las regionales, provinciales, comarcales y municipales), lo cual le otorgaba un nuevo significado al concepto, al representar ahora al conjunto de ciudadanos de un determinado territorio. También puede representar a una persona o grupo de personas, puede servir para transmitir señales y puede tener diversas formas aunque habitualmente son rectangulares.
Esta evolución ha traído consigo que hoy en día todos los estados ostenten una bandera que busca sintetizar los símbolos y colores de su identidad nacional y cultural. En ellas se vislumbra el dolor, la guerra, la esperanza, la paz, la religión…factores que se ven reflejados en los colores que las componen:
- el rojo simboliza la valentía, el coraje, la pasión, pero también la sangre que derramaron los hombres para alcanzar la libertad de su pueblo.
- el negro es recogimiento de espiritualidad, abstención, pero también del sometimiento de la raza negra por los poderes dominantes de todos los tiempos, provocándoles dolor y sufrimiento.
- el verde, hace referencia a los países árabes como símbolo de la religión musulmana, pero también alude a la fertilidad de las tierras.
En el caso de los atributos de piezas heráldicas sucede lo mismo; así cuando estos se disponen en la bandera siempre representan al país o región que los ha adoptado, y de acuerdo con la ubicación que se le asigne, habrá un grado de significación e importancia determinado.
Curiosidades
Por ejemplo:
- El escudo de la bandera de Paraguay es diferente por el anverso y por el reverso.
Anverso de la bandera de Paraguay
Reverso de la bandera de Paraguay
- La bandera de Arabia Saudí es la única en el mundo que, por Ley, debe izarse de derecha a izquierda.
- La bandera de Filipinas es la única del mundo que, según la constitución, se puede invertir, es decir, izarla con el rojo arriba para mostrar que el país se encuentra en Estado de Guerra.
Y si tenéis interés en conocer más sobre particularidades en las banderas, aquí os dejo la dirección de un blog:
Me gusta la forma en la que redactas, muchas gracias, seguiré leyendo tu blog.
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